Structural Load Determination
Structural Load Determination
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW.
1.2 SCOPE...... 1-2
1.3 REFERENCES ......... 1-4
CHAPTER 2 – LOAD COMBINATIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION .... 2-1
2. LOAD EFFECTS...... 2-1
2.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS USING STRENGTH DESIGN OR LOAD
AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN ..... 2-2
2.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS USING ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN . 2-4
2.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS WITH OVERSTRENGTH FACTOR ..... 2-8
2.6 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR EXTRAORDINARY EVENTS...... 2-11
2.7 EXAMPLES ............. 2-11
2.7.1 Example 2.1 – Column in Office Building, Strength Design
Load Combinations for Axial Loads .... 2-12
2.7.2 Example 2.2 – Column in Office Building, Strength Design
Load Combinations for Axial Loads and Bending Moments .... 2-13
2.7.3 Example 2.3 – Beam in University Building, Strength Design
Load Combinations for Shear Forces and Bending Moments... 2-14
2.7.4 Example 2.4 – Beam in University Building, Basic Allowable Stress
Design Load Combinations for Shear Forces and Bending Moments....... 2-16
2.7.5 Example 2.5 – Beam in University Building, Alternative Basic Allowable
Stress Design Load Combinations for Shear Forces and Bending Moments ............ 2-18
2.7.6 Example 2.6 – Collector Beam in Residential Building, Load Combinations using
Strength Design and Basic Load Combinations for Strength Design with
Overstrength Factor for Axial Forces, Shear Forces, and Bending Moments ........... 2-19
2.7.7 Example 2.7 – Collector Beam in Residential Building, Load Combinations using
Allowable Stress Design (Basic Load Combinations) and Basic Combinations
for Allowable Stress Design with Overstrength Factor for Axial Forces, Shear
Forces, and Bending Moments ........ 2-21
2.7.8 Example 2.8 – Collector Beam in Residential Building, Load Combinations using
Allowable Stress Design (Alternative Basic Load Combinations) and Basic
Combinations for Allowable Stress Design with Overstrength Factor for Axial
Forces, Shear Forces, and Bending Moments ...... 2-22
2.7.9 Example 2.9 – Timber Pile in Residential Building, Basic Allowable Stress Design
Load Combinations for Axial Forces ... 2-23
CHAPTER 3 – DEAD, LIVE, AND RAIN LOADS
3.1 DEAD LOADS......... 3-1
3.2 LIVE LOADS........... 3-2
3.2.1 General ....... 3-2
3.2.2 Reduction in Live Loads . 3-3
3.2.3 Distribution of Floor Loads............. 3-9
3.2.4 Roof Loads . 3-10
3.2.5 Crane Loads 3-11
3.2.6 Interior Walls and Partitions............ 3-12
3.3 RAIN LOADS .......... 3-12
3.4 EXAMPLES ............. 3-13
3.4.1 Example 3.1 – Live Load Reduction, General Method of IBC 1607.9.1 .. 3-14
3.4.2 Example 3.2 – Live Load Reduction, Alternate Method of IBC 1607.9.2 3-24
3.4.3 Example 3.3 – Live Load Reduction on a Girder. 3-32
3.4.4 Example 3.4 – Rain Load, IBC 1611.... 3-33
CHAPTER 4 – SNOW LOADS
4.1 INTRODUCTION .... 4-1
4.2 FLOWCHARTS ....... 4-4
4.3 EXAMPLES ............. 4-14
4.3.1 Example 4.1 – Warehouse Building, Roof Slope of 1/2 on 12.. 4-14
4.3.2 Example 4.2 – Warehouse Building, Roof Slope of 1/4 on 12.. 4-19
4.3.3 Example 4.3 – Warehouse Building (Roof Slope of 1/2 on 12) and Adjoining Office Building (Roof Slope of 1/2 on 12) ... 4-20
4.3.4 Example 4.4 – Six-Story Hotel with Parapet Walls.............. 4-28
4.3.5 Example 4.5 – Six-Story Hotel with Rooftop Unit............... 4-33
4.3.6 Example 4.6 – Agricultural Building.... 4-35
4.3.7 Example 4.7 – University Facility with Sawtooth Roof....... 4-39
4.3.8 Example 4.8 – Public Utility Facility with Curved Roof...... 4-42
CHAPTER 5 – WIND LOADS
5.1 INTRODUCTION .... 5-1
5.2 FLOWCHARTS ....... 5-3
5.2.1 Allowed Procedures......... 5-5
5.2.2 Method 1 – Simplified Procedure.... 5-7
5.2.3 Method 2 – Analytical Procedure.... 5-11
5.2.4 Alternate All-heights Method.......... 5-30
5.3 EXAMPLES ............. 5-32
5.3.1 Example 5.1 – Warehouse Building using Method 1, Simplified Procedure
5.3.2 Example 5.2 – Warehouse Building using Low-rise Building Provisions of Method 2, Analytical Method.......... 5-43
5.3.3 Example 5.3 – Warehouse Building using Provisions of Method 2, Analytical Procedure...... 5-52
5.3.4 Example 5.4 – Warehouse Building using Alternate All-heights Method. 5-60
5.3.5 Example 5.5 – Residential Building using Method 2, Analytical Procedure............. 5-69
5.3.6 Example 5.6 – Six-Story Hotel using Method 2, Analytical Procedure .... 5-87
5.3.7 Example 5.7 – Six-Story Hotel Located on an Escarpment using Method 2, Analytical Procedure . 5-98
5.3.8 Example 5.8 – Six-Story Hotel using Alternate All-heights Method
5.3.9 Example 5.9 – Fifteen-Story Office Building using Method 2, Analytical Procedure ....... 5-110
5.3.10 Example 5.10 – Agricultural Building using Method 2, Analytical Procedure......... 5-125
5.3.11 Example 5.11 – Freestanding Masonry Wall using Method 2, Analytical Procedure ....... 5-131
CHAPTER 6 – EARTHQUAKE LOADS
6.1 INTRODUCTION .... 6-1
6.2 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA..... 6-2
6.2.1 Seismic Ground Motion Values ...... 6-2
6.2.2 Occupancy Category and Importance Factor ....... 6-4
6.2.3 Seismic Design Category 6-5
6.2. Design Requirements for SDC A .... 6-5
6.3 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING STRUCTURES
6.3.1 Basic Requirements......... 6-6
6.3.2 Seismic Force-Resisting Systems.... 6-6
6.3.3 Diaphragm Flexibility, Configuration Irregularities, and Redundancy ..... 6-7
6.3.4 Seismic Load Effects and Combinations.............. 6-12
6.3.5 Direction of Loading ....... 6-13
6.3.6 Analysis Procedure Selection .......... 6-15
6.3.7 Modeling Criteria ............ 6-15
6.3.8 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure 6-15
6.3. Modal Response Spectral Analysis . 6-18
6.310 Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors.... 6-18
6.3.11 Structural Walls and Their Anchorage . 6-20
6.3.12 Drift and Deformation ..... 6-20
6.3.13 Foundation Design .......... 6-20
6.3.14 Simplified Alternative Structural Design Criteria for Simple
Bearing Wall or Building Frame Systems............ 6-21
6.4 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS.......... 6-22 6.4.1 General ....... 6-22
6.4.2 Seismic Demands on Nonstructural Components 6-23
6.4.3 Nonstructural Component Anchorage.. 6-23
6.4.4 Architectural Components............... 6-23
6.4.5 Mechanical and Electrical Components ............... 6-24
6.5 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR NONBUILDING STRUCTURES ..
6.5.1 General ....... 6-24
6.5.2 Reference Documents...... 6-25
6.5.3 Nonbuilding Structures Supported by Other Structures ....... 6-25
6.5.4 Structural Design Requirements...... 6-25
6.5.5 Nonbuilding Structures Similar to Buildings ....... 6-25
6.5.6 Nonbuilding Structures Not Similar to Buildings. 6-26
6.5.7 Tanks and Vessels ........... 6-26
6.6 FLOWCHARTS ....... 6-26
6.6.1 Seismic Design Criteria... 6-28
6.6.2 Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ........ 6-38
6.6.3 Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components . 6-55
6.6.4 Seismic Design Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures .. 6-57
6.7 EXAMPLES ............. 6-61
6.7.1 Example 6.1 – Residential Building, Seismic Design Category 6-61
6.7.2 Example 6.2 – Residential Building, Permitted Analytical Procedure...... 6-64
6.7.3 Example 6.3 – Office Building, Seismic Design Category .. 6-70
6.7.4 Example 6.4 – Office Building, Permitted Analytical Procedure.............. 6-74
6.7.5 Example 6.5 – Office Building, Allowable Story Drift........ 6-84
6.7.6 Example 6.6 – Office Building, P-delta Effects ... 6-86
6.7.7 Example 6.7 – Health Care Facility, Diaphragm Design Forces............... 6-88
6.7.8 Example 6.8 – Health Care Facility, Nonstructural Component ............... 6-93
6.7.9 Example 6.9 – Residential Building, Vertical Combination of Structural Systems....... 6-95
6.7.10 Example 6.10 – Warehouse Building, Design of Roof
Diaphragm, Collectors, and Wall Panels.............. 6-102
6.7.11 Example 6.11 – Retail Building, Simplified Design Method .... 6-112
6.7.12 Example 6.12 – Nonbuilding Structure 6-121
CHAPTER 7 – FLOOD LOADS
7.1 INTRODUCTION .... 7-1
7.2 FLOOD HAZARD AREAS .......... 7-1
7.3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ............... 7-3 7.3.1 General ....... 7-3
7..2 Flood Loads 7-4
74 EXAMPLES ............. 7-10
7.4. Example 7.1 – Residential Building Located in a Non-Coastal A Zone ... 7-10
7.4.2 Example 7.2 – Residential Building Located in a Coastal A Zone............ 7-14
7.4.3 Example 7.3 – Residential Building Located in a V Zone ... 7-18
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