Planning and Design of Airports
Planning and Design of Airports
Contents
PrefaceAcknowledgments
Part 1 Airport Planning
1 The Nature of Civil Aviation and Airports
IntroductionCommercial Service Aviation
Passenger Air Carriers
International Air Transportation
Air Cargo
General Aviation
Civil Aviation Airports
Historical Review of the Legislative Role in Aviation
Air Commerce Act of 1926
Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938
Federal Airport Act of 1946
Federal Aviation Act of 1958
Creation of the U.S. Department of Transportation
Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970
Airline Deregulation Act of 1978
Impact of Airline Deregulation
The Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982
The Aviation Safety and Capacity Act of 1990
AIR-21: The Wendell Ford Aviation
Investment Act for the 21st Century
The Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001
Vision 100 Century of Aviation Act of 2003
NextGen Financing Reform Act of 2007/
FAA Reauthorization Act of 2009
State Roles in Aviation and Airports
Aviation Organizations and Their Functions
Federal Agencies of the United States Government
Federal Aviation Administration
Transportation Security Administration
Environmental Protection Agency
National Transportation Safety Board State Agencies
The International Civil Aviation Organization
Industry and Trade Organizations
References
Web References.
2 Aircraft Characteristics Related to Airport Design
Dimensional StandardsLanding Gear Confi gurations
Aircraft Weight . . 61
Engine Types . . . . 63
Atmospheric Conditions Affecting
Aircraft Performance . . . . 69
Air Pressure and Temperature 70
Wind Speed and Direction 73
Aircraft Performance Characteristics 75
Aircraft Speed 75
Payload and Range . . 77
Runway Performance 79
Declared Distances . . . 82
Wingtip Vortices . . . . . 89
References . . 90
3 Air Traffi c Management
Introduction . . . . . 95A Brief History of Air Traffi c Management . 96
The Organizational Hierarchy of Air Traffi c
Management in the United States . 97
The Air Traffi c Control System Command Center . 97
Air Route Traffi c Control Centers . . . 97
Terminal Approach Control Facilities 98
Airport Traffi c Control Tower . 99
Flight Service Stations 100
Air Traffi c Management Rules . . . 100
Airspace Classifi cations and Airways 101
Airways . . 106
Colored Airways . . . . . 107
Victor Airways 108
Jet Routes . 108
Area Navigation . . . . . 108
Air Traffi c Separation Rules . 110
Vertical Separation in the Airspace . . 111
Assigned Flight Altitudes . 111
Longitudinal Separation in the Airspace . . . 111
Lateral Separation in the Airspace . . . 113
Navigational Aids 114
Ground-Based Systems . . . 114
Satellite-Based Systems: Global
Positioning System 124
The Modernization of Air Traffi c Management . . . . 127
NextGen . . 129
SWIM . . . . 129
NextGen Data Communications 130
NextGen Enabled Weather 130
References . . 130
4 Airport Planning Studies
Introduction . . . . . 133Types of Studies . 135
The Airport System Plan . . 135
Airport Site Selection . 137
The Airport Master Plan . . 138
The Airport Project Plan . . 141
Continuing Planning Process 146
References . . 147
5 Forecasting for Airport Planning
Introduction . . . . . 149Levels of Forecasting . 151
Forecasting Methods . 152
Time Series Method . . 154
Market Share Method 156
Econometric Modeling 158
Forecasting Requirements and Applications 162
The Airport System Plan . . 164
The Airport Master Plan . . 164
The Future Aviation Forecasting Environment . . . . 168
References . . 169
Part 2 Airport Design
6 Geometric Design of the Airfield
Airport Design Standards . . . 173Airport Classifi cation . 174
Utility Airports 176
Transport Airports . . . 177
Runways . 177
Runway Confi gurations . . . . 177
Single Runway 178
Parallel Runways . . . . 178
Intersecting Runways 181
Open-V Runways . . . . 181
Combinations of Runway Configurations . . . . 181
Runway Orientation . 183
The Wind Rose 186
Estimating Runway Length . . 191
Runway System Geometric Specifications . . . . 201
Parallel Runway System Spacing 205
Sight Distance and Longitudinal Profile . . . . 207
Transverse Gradient . . 213
Airfi eld Separation Requirements
Related to Runways 213
Obstacle Clearance Requirements . . . 213
FAR Part 77 . . . 216
ICAO Annex 14 . . . . . 221
TERPS . . . . 222
Runway End Siting Requirements . . . 223
Taxiways and Taxilanes . . . . . 228
Widths and Slopes . . . 228
Taxiway and Taxilane Separation
Requirements . . . . . 229
Sight Distance and Longitudinal Profi le . . . . 234
Exit Taxiway Geometry . . . 234
Location of Exit Taxiways . 238
Design of Taxiway Curves
and Intersections . . 244
End-Around Taxiways 249
Aprons . . . 250
Holding Aprons . . . . . 250
Terminal Aprons and Ramps . 252
Terminal Apron Surface Gradients . . 254
Control Tower Visibility Requirements . 254
References . . 255
7 Structural Design of Airport Pavements
Introduction . . . . . 257Soil Investigation and Evaluation 259
The CBR Test . . 263
The Plate Bearing Test 263
Young’s Modulus (E Value) . . 266
Effect of Frost on Soil Strength . . . 266
Subgrade Stabilization 267
FAA Pavement Design Methods . 268
Equivalent Aircraft Method . . 269
Cumulative Damage Failure Method 270
Design of Flexible Pavements 271
CBR Method . . 272
Layered Elastic Design 273
Design of Rigid Pavements . . 275
Westergaard’s Analysis . . . 275
Finite Element Theory 276
Joints and Joint Spacing . . . . . 277
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements . . . . 279
Design of Overlay Pavements . . . 282
Pavements for Light Aircraft 286
Pavement Evaluation and Pavement
Management Systems . . . . 287
References . . 288
8 Airport Lighting, Marking, and Signage
Introduction . . . . . 291The Requirements for Visual Aids 292
The Airport Beacon . . 293
Obstruction Lighting . 293
The Aircraft Landing Operation . 293
Alignment Guidance . 294
Height Information . . 294
Approach Lighting . . . 296
System Confi gurations 296
Visual Approach Slope Aids . 301
Visual Approach Slope Indicator 301
Precision Approach Path Indicator . . 302
Threshold Lighting . . . 303
Runway Lighting 303
Runway Edge Lights . 304
Runway Centerline and Touchdown
Zone Lights . 304
Runway End Identifi er Lights
Taxiway Lighting 310
Taxiway Edge Lights . 311
Runway Guard Lights 313
Runway Stop Bar . . . . 314
Runway and Taxiway Marking . . 315
Runways . 315
Runway Designators . 315
Runway Threshold Markings . 320
Centerline Markings . 320
Aiming Points . 320
Touchdown Zone Markings . . 321
Side Stripes . . . 321
Displaced Threshold Markings . 321
Blast Pad Markings . . 322
Taxiway Markings . . . 323
Centerline and Edge Markings 323
Taxiway Hold Markings . . 325
Taxiway Shoulders . . . 326
Enhanced Taxiway Markings 328
Closed Runway and Taxiway Markings . . . . 328
Airfi eld Signage . . . . . 329
Runway Distance Remaining Signs . . 330
Taxiway Guidance Sign System . 331
Taxiway Designations 331
Types of Taxiway Signs . . . 333
Signing Conventions . 337
Sign Size and Location 338
Sign Operation 340
References . . 341
9 Airport Drainage
Purpose of Drainage . . 343Design Storm for Surface Runoff 343
Determining the Intensity-Duration
Pattern for the Design Storm . 344
Determining the Amount of Runoff by
the FAA Procedure . 347
Determining the Amount of Runoff by
the Corps of Engineers Procedure . 358
Layout of Surface Drainage . . 368
References . . 380
10 Planning and Design of the Terminal Area
Introduction . . . . . 383The Passenger Terminal System . . 383
Components of the System 383
Design Considerations 387
Terminal Demand Parameters 393
Facility Classifi cation . 394
Overall Space Approximations 396
Level of Service Criteria . . 397
The Terminal Planning Process . . 399
Space Programming . . 400
Other Areas . . . 415
Overall Space Requirements . . 416
Concept Development 416
Horizontal Distribution Concepts . . . 417
Vertical Distribution Concepts 423
Schematic Design . . . . 426
Analysis Methods . . . . 427
Design Development . 441
The Apron Gate System . . . . . 442
Number of Gates . . . . 442
Ramp Charts . . 448
Gate Size . 453
Aircraft Parking Type . 455
Apron Layout . 456
Apron Circulation . . . . 457
Passenger Conveyance to Aircraft . . . 457
Apron Utility Requirements . . 458
References . . 461
Part 3 Special Topics in Airport Planning and Design
11 Airport Security Planning
Introduction . . . . . 467History of Airport Security . . 468
Airport Security Program . . . 470
Security at Commercial Service Airports . . . 472
Passenger Screening . . 473
Baggage Screening . . . 475
Employee Identifi cation . . 476
Perimeter Security . . . 477
Vulnerability Assessment . . . 477
Security at General Aviation Airports 481
Future Security . . 481
References . . 482
12 Airport Airside Capacity and Delay 483
Introduction . . . . . 483
Capacity and Delay Defi ned . 484
Capacity and Delay in Airfi eld Planning . . . 485
Approaches to the Analysis of Capacity and Delay . . . . 486
Factors That Affect Airfi eld Capacity 489
Formulation of Runway Capacity through
Mathematical Theory . . . . 490
Mathematical Formulation of Delay . 490
Formulation of Runway Capacity through
the Time-Space Concept . . 492
Formulation of Ultimate Capacity 497
Mathematical Formulation of
Ultimate Capacity . 497
Application of Techniques for Ultimate
Hourly Capacity . . . 514
Parameters Required for Runway
Capacity . . . . 514
Computation of Delay on Runway Systems 520
Graphical Methods for Approximating
Delay . . 525
Application of Techniques for Annual
Service Volume 532
Simulation Models . . . 537
Gate Capacity . . . 538
Analytical Models for Gate Capacity 539
References . . 541
13 Finance Strategies for Airport Planning
Introduction . . . . . 543Background . . . . . 543
Federal Funding Programs in the United States . . . . . 544
The Airport Development Aid
Program . . . 547
The Passenger Facility Charge
Program . . . 556
State and Local Participation in Financing
Airport Improvements . . . 557
Bond Financing . . 558
General Obligation Bonds 558
General Airport Revenue Bonds 559
Special Facility Bonds 559
PFC Bonds 560
CFC Bonds 560
Privatization of Airports . . . . 560
Financial Planning . . . 562
Rate Setting . . . 564
Evaluation of the Financial Plan . . 571
References . . 571
14 Environmental Planning
Introduction . . . . . 573Policy Considerations 574
Pollution Factors . 576
Air Quality 576
Water Quality . 577
Aircraft and Airport Noise 579
Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level . . . 580
Aircraft Noise Effects and Land-Use
Compatibility . . . . 592
Determining the Extent of the Problem . . . . 598
Finding Solutions . . . . 604
Noise Regulations . . . . 609
Construction Impacts . 615
Social Factors . . . . 616
Land Development . . . 616
Displacement and Relocation . 617
Parks, Recreational Areas, Historical Places,
Archeological Resources,
and Natural and Scenic Beauty . . . 617
Consistency with Local Planning 618
Ecological Factors 619
Wildlife, Waterfowl, Flora, Fauna,
Endangered Species 619
Wetlands and Coastal Zones . . 619
Flood Hazards . 620
Engineering and Economic Factors . . 620
Costs of Construction and Operation 620
Economic Benefi ts and Fiscal Requirements . . . 624
Energy and Natural Resources 624
Summary . 625
References . . 625
15 Heliports
Introduction . . . . . 629Heliports . 629
The Nature of Helicopter Transportation . . . 629
Characteristics of Helicopters . 630
Factors Related to Heliport Site Selection . . . 631
References . . 648
0 Response to "Planning and Design of Airports"
Post a Comment