Building Failures - Diagnosis and Avoidance
Building Failures - Diagnosis and Avoidance
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Agencies causing deterioration
2.1 Solar radiation
2.2 Moisture
2.3 Biological agencies
2.4 Gaseous constituents and pollutants of air
2.5 Ground salts and waters
2.6 Manufactured products
2.7 Juxtaposition of materials and components
3 Durability of materials
3.1 Asbestos cement
3.2 Asphalt and bitumen
3.3 Bricks and tiles
3.4 Cement and concrete
3.5 Metals
3.6 Glass
3.7 Mortars and renderings
3.8 Plastics
3.9 Natural stone
3.10 Timber
3.11 Moisture movement
4. Moisture
4.1 Water entering during construction
4.2 Ground water
4.3 Rain and snow
4.4 Moisture from human activities
4.5 Condensation
4.6 Avoidance of condensation
5 Foundations
5.1 Type and structure of the soil
5.2 Interaction between soils and buildings
5.3 Soil movement
5.4 Fill
6 Floors, floor finishes and DPMs
6.1 Hardcore
6.2 Damp-proofing of floors
6.3 Concrete floors
6.4 Magnesite flooring
6.5 Timber flooring
6.6 Clay floor tiles
6.7 Plastic sheets and tiles
7 Walls and DPCs
7.1 Moisture penetration from the ground
7.2 Rain penetration
7.3 Cold bridges and interstitial condensation
7.4 Cracking and spalling of masonry through movement
7.5 Damage to walls by chemical attack
7.6 Damage to walls by physical attack
v7.7 Problems with renderings
8 Cladding
8.1 Differential movement
8.2 Inaccuracies in construction
8.3 Faults caused by movement and inaccuracy
8.4 Sealants
8.5 Fixing methods
8.6 Prevention of loss of integrity in cladding
8.7 Water entry
9 Doors and windows
9.1 Doors
9.2 Windows
9.3 Prevention of failure and remedial work
10 Roofs
10.1 Flat roofs
10.2 Pitched roofs
11 Services
11.1 Heating installations
11.2 Chimneys and flues
11.3 Plumbing and drainage
11.4 Electricity supply
12 Failure patterns and control
12.1 Cost and types of defect
12.2 Causes
12.3 Reasons for failure
12.4 Problems of innovation
12.5 Towards better control
Note:
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